The healthcare environment is often considered one of the more hazardous occupational settings. Healthcare workers, including nurses, are exposed to the spectrum of physical, biological, chemical, ergonomic, psychosocial and safety hazards that are prevalent at the workplace. In addition to anticipated occupational challenges, nurses may also be at risk of unexpected hazards such as emerging infectious agents, novel substances (e.g. nanomaterials), abuse and harassment, among others. Work injuries and occupational diseases place pressure on work safety and satisfaction. If not managed well, it can lead to increased staff turnover and a further strain on nursing manpower resources. The approach to the occupational health and safety of the nursing workforce must be proactive, anticipatory and preventive in order to protect the health and well-being of nurses, the backbone of the healthcare system.