An Introduction to MR Perfusion Imaging of the Liver
Thng CH, Hartono S, Koh TS, Koh DM

Abstract
This article introduces the basic principles of magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion imaging of liver and summarized the currently available literature. Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a functional imaging technique that quantifies the microcirculatory status of liver parenchyma and liver lesions such as flow, permeability, fractional intravascular volume and fractional interstitial volume. It potentially allows one to (i) detect liver metastases, (ii) assess effectiveness of anti-angiogenic therapy, (iii) assess viable tumour after therapy or ablation, and (iv) diagnose cirrhosis and assess its severity. Further work is required to establish and validate perfusion MRI as a clinical modality.

Keywords: DCE MRI, perfusion MRI, tracer kinetic modelling

Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Tan HH, Chang JPE

Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a disease spectrum ranging from benign hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with inflammation (NASH) and liver cirrhosis. NAFLD is now recognised as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Simple steatosis is benign, whereas NASH can progress to cirrhosis with its resultant complications. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard in the diagnosis of NAFLD/NASH. Lifestyle and dietary modifications to achieve sustained weight loss is the cornerstone of NAFLD/NASH treatment.

Keywords: cirrhosis, fibroscan, metabolic syndrome, steatosis, steatohepatitis

Narrow Band Imaging and Autofluorescence Imaging for the Detection and Optical Diagnosis of Colorectal Polyps
Thia KTJ, Kong CSC, Ooi CJ

Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer in Singapore and polyps which are detected during screening colonoscopy are routinely removed. Conventional white light colonoscopy has a substantial miss-rate for polyps and limited accuracy in differentiating neoplastic from non-neoplastic polyps. Dye-based chromoendoscopy and more recent equipment-based image enhanced endoscopic techniques such as narrow-band imaging (NBI) and autofluorescence imaging (AFI) are promising tools to improve polyp detection and optical diagnosis. Current evidence suggests that NBI may not be superior compared to high definition white-light for polyp detection, but it achieves excellent accuracy in polyp characterisation, approaching that of histopathology. AFI is a wide area scanning modality which functions as a red-flag technique to improve polyp detection, although the evidence is still evolving. The ability to accurately characterise polyps with NBI and AFI will guide the management of polyps and in some cases, avoid unnecessary polypectomy and routine histopathology. This has potential to reduce associated costs and risks of polypectomy, and improves on overall efficiency of screening colonoscopy. The review will discuss the technology, current evidence and the issues relevant to the role of NBI and AFI for the detection and optical diagnosis of polyps in colorectal cancer screening.

Keywords: autofluorescence, chromoendoscopy, colorectal polyp, optical diagnosis, narrow band imaging

Molecular Genetics of Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Eng AKH, Kon OL

Abstract
Gastric carcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Its aetiology is closely linked to the bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori which is believed to induce a state of chronic inflammation that predisposes to a cascade of molecular and cellular alterations leading to carcinogenesis. Although the exact process of gastric carcinogenesis has yet to be elucidated fully, the interaction of the genetic factors with environmental factors is likely to be a significant consideration. Numerous genes and molecular pathways have been discovered to be associated with gastric adenocarcinoma and more importantly, it is now becoming possible to use some of these as means of prognostication and targeted therapy. This review will outline our current understanding of the aetiology and molecular genetics of gastric adenocarcinoma and its current clinical applications.

Keywords: aetiology, cancer, carcinogenesis, Helicobacter, stomach

Innovative Proven Clinical Research Strategies for Participant Recruitment and Retention
Tong SC, Tin AS, Lim JFY

Abstract
The ability to successfully recruit and retain research participants is an important precursor to conducting a successful clinical trial. With respect to participant recruitment, we discuss potential strategies used in well-known and successful research studies to reach out to the targeted populations, including public education on the importance of clinical trials and the use of new media in reaching out to a wider population. The measures used by research studies to engage their participants and their healthcare providers to optimise participant retention are also examined. We conclude by discussing how these strategies may be adapted for use in Singapore.

Keywords: clinical research, recruitment, retention

CASE REPORT
Allergic Eosinophilic Gastroenterocolitis: Review of the Nutritional Management
Han WM, Tan N, Chiang WC, Chu HP

Abstract
The immunopathologies of food allergies can involve Immunoglobulin E (IgE), or non-IgE, or have a mixed IgE and non-IgE response. In the past decade, food allergy manifestations have evolved and there have been increased reports of the latter two presentations. A case report of a young child with allergic eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis, with a mixed immune reaction is described. The nutritional management of the condition is reviewed.

Keywords: allergy, attributes, elimination diet, eosinophilic, gastroenterocolitis, immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Necrotising Fasciitis in the Elderly: A Double Delay
Cheah KL, Surrun SK

Abstract
Necrotising fasciitis is an uncommon and rapidly progressive infection of the subcutaneous tissues and fascia which results in necrosis. Without prompt and aggressive surgical intervention, it inevitably leads to severe sepsis and multiorgan failure with a high mortality rate. In general, the diagnosis of infection in the elderly is often difficult, regardless of the type of infection. We report a case of necrotising fasciitis in a 95-year-old lady. The patient presented with bowel and urinary symptoms as well as left leg pain suggestive of sciatica. There was no sign of cellulitis and intravenous antibiotic was started for a presumed urinary tract infection. The diagnosis of necrotising fasciitis was made only much later when crepitus was noted in her leg and radiological studies confirmed gas in the soft tissues. The patient and her family declined surgery and she subsequently died from septicaemia. This condition posed a diagnostic dilemma in the absence of fever, sudden onset of severe pain, and cutaneous findings. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality a high degree of suspicion is required to reach an early diagnosis for prompt surgical intervention.

Keywords: diagnostic delay, necrotising soft tissue infection, subcutaneous fat

IMAGING
An Uncommon Cause of Abdominal Pain and Vomiting in a 55-year-old Woman
Chang JPE, Cheng LTE, Low ASC

Abstract
Abdominal pain is a symptom that is commonly encountered in clinical practice. Evaluation of abdominal pain involves the exclusion of a myriad of possible diagnosis. This case illustrates an uncommon cause of abdominal pain and vomiting in a 55-year-old female with diagnostic radiological features.

Keywords: hernia, obstruction, paraduodenal, small bowel

LABORATORY INSIGHTS
Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
Yap CYF, Aw TC

Abstract
Each liver function test by itself is neither highly sensitive nor specific but when interpreted together may provide the clinician with useful information about the patient’s liver, and may also indicate other health issues such as malnutrition and bone disease.

Keywords: albumin, ALP, ALT, AST, bilirubin, hepatocellular injury, liver function tests

STATISTICS
Three Myths about Biostatisticians
Tan SB